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Differential initial microbial colonization also had a lasting influence on microbial communities in each reactor (i.e., historical contingency). Water age, and the corresponding physicochemical changes, strongly influenced microbial abundance and community composition. After building closures, chloramine levels entering the reactors dropped in the reactor bulk water and biofilms the mean cell counts and ATP concentrations increased over an order of magnitude while the detection of opportunistic pathogens remained low. Five replicate constant-flow reactors were fed with municipal chloraminated tap water for 6 months prior to building closures and 7 months after. Using benchtop model distribution systems, we aimed to characterize the impacts of elevated water age on microbiota in bulk water and pipe wall biofilms.

Reductions in nonresidential water demand during the COVID-19 pandemic highlighted the importance of understanding how water age impacts drinking water quality and microbiota in piped distribution systems.

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